Archaeological Survey and Recent Discoveries in Rairakhol, Sambalpur District, Odisha This article by Atula Kumar Pradhan & Sambit Mesua is about the recent archaeological explorations in the Rairakhol region of Sambalpur district, Odisha, have significantly expanded the understanding of cultural development in western Odisha from the Prehistoric to the medieval period. The present study undertakes a comprehensive survey using field exploration, toposheet analysis and photographic documentation to identify previously unknown archaeological sites and material assemblages. The results reveal a long sequence of human occupation supported by favourable geomorphology of the region, including hills, valleys, and river systems such as the Tikra and its tributaries. New evidence from sites including Bansajal, Kholagarh, Panduakhol, and Purunagarh demonstrates a wide cultural spectrum. Prehistoric microlithic tools made of quartz and other raw materials reflect early human activities in the foothill and riverine zones. The Early Historic cultural horizon is attested by Black-and- Red Ware (BRW), red ware pottery, saddle querns, grinding stones, terracotta beads, iron slag, and furnace remains, indicating domestic habitation, craft production, and metallurgical activities. Architectural fragments such as amalakas, kalashas, sculptural carvings, and temple foundations at Panduakhol and Kholagarh highlight a strong early medieval religious landscape shaped by the Nagara–Kalinga temple tradition. This study establishes that Rairakhol formed an important cultural corridor with multicultural occupation, demonstrating trade linkages, craft specialization and evolving religious and settlement patterns. Despite modern disturbances and limited excavations, the region shows uninterrupted human occupation from the Palaeolithic to the Medieval era. The findings underscore the need for systematic, multidisciplinary research to reconstruct the environmental, economic, and cultural history of Early Historic communities in western Odisha.